Among those verbs that might seem ordinary but carry significant legal weight, girar deserves special attention.
Outside of legal or financial contexts, it usually means to “turn” or “spin.” But within legal Spanish, girar takes on a far more technical and specialized meaning.

In legal and financial contexts

Girar is frequently used when dealing with credit instruments and commercial documents. A corporate lawyer, notary, or finance professional knows what it means to girar un cheque, girar una letra de cambio, or dar giro a un pagaré.
In these cases, girar means to issue, draw, or put into circulation a document with legal or financial force.

Common examples:

• El banco giró un cheque por el importe de la deuda.
  → The bank issued a check for the amount of the debt.
• El proveedor giró una factura con vencimiento a 30 días.
  → The supplier issued an invoice with 30-day payment terms.
• Se dio giro a una letra a favor del acreedor.
  → A bill of exchange was drawn in favor of the creditor.
  Giro, dar giro, and its nuances

Be careful not to automatically equate giro with a simple bank transfer. While in some contexts they may be synonymous, dar giro a una cuenta may also refer to the formal movement or dispatch of funds in institutional or business contexts.

Additionally, in legal writing, dar un giro can be used metaphorically to indicate a change of course — as in: “The case took a turn after the witness testimony.”

In short

In legal language, girar doesn’t just mean to move — it means to formalize, to commit, to give legal life to a transaction. It’s a word of action and obligation. Like many terms in legal Spanish, its weight lies in precision and context. dc

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Etymology
The verb “menoscabar” derives from the combination of “menos” (meaning “less” or “smaller”) and “cabo” (an archaic term meaning “to finish” or “to complete”). You might recognize this root in expressions like “al fin y al cabo” (at the end of the day) or “al cabo de 10 días” (after 10 days) or in Ciudad del Cabo (Cape Town). Together, “menoscabar” implies the act of reducing or lessening something, whether in value, strength, or integrity. This etymological root highlights the term’s role in describing harm or diminishment.

Use in Legal Context
In legal Spanish, “menoscabar” is a formal term used to describe actions that harm, impair, or undermine rights, dignity, or property. It is frequently found in legal texts, contracts, and proceedings, particularly when addressing damages, defamation, or violations of rights.

Examples and Translations
Human Rights Violations
“Cualquier acción que menoscabe los derechos humanos será considerada una violación del derecho internacional.”
Translation: “Any action that undermines human rights will be considered a violation of international law.”

Employment Law
“Los empleadores tienen prohibido tomar medidas que menoscaben la dignidad de los trabajadores.”
Translation: “Employers are prohibited from taking measures that undermine workers’ dignity.”

Defamation and Reputation
“El artículo publicado menoscabó gravemente la reputación del político, quien presentó una demanda por difamación.”
Translation: “The published article severely undermined the politician’s reputation, who filed a defamation lawsuit.”

Property Law
“El tribunal determinó que las construcciones ilegales habían menoscabado el valor de la propiedad vecina.”
Translation: “The court ruled that the illegal constructions had diminished the value of the neighboring property.”

Related Noun: Menoscabo
The masculine noun “el menoscabo” refers to the harm, damage, or impairment itself. It is a key term in legal discourse to specify the negative effects caused by an action.

“Sin menoscabo de” – Without prejudice to
Example: “Se adoptarán medidas sin menoscabo de los derechos de las partes afectadas.”
Translation: “Measures will be taken without prejudice to the rights of the affected parties.”

“Menoscabo patrimonial” – Financial harm or loss
Example: “El fraude resultó en un importante menoscabo patrimonial para la empresa.”
Translation: “The fraud resulted in significant financial harm to the company.” dc

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Feminine noun. From the Latin querella, complaint, and derived from the Latin verb queri, to complain. I guess the English term query has the same root, as queri in Latin can also mean “to question.”

The Spanish feminine noun denuncia can also be translated into English as “complaint,” “report,” or “claim,” but in Legal Spanish, querella and denuncia are two very different concepts. Both express the idea of a statement or account that someone has committed a crime. This statement, in both cases, can be made to either a judge or the police. However, in the case of a querella, the person who makes the statement, called el/la querellante, is the victim of the crime and may or may not be involved in the prosecution. Here, we can identify two different situations:

1. In delitos de acción privada
   The querellante initiates the proceedings and is personally involved in them. What is a delito de acción privada? It is a type of crime that, because it is not considered serious enough to affect the public order of society, cannot be prosecuted ex officio by public authorities (such as the police, judges, or the Public Ministry). Instead, the active intervention of the victim is required as the promoter of the judicial action and as a participant in the judicial process; e.g., defamation (calumnias).
2. In delitos semipúblicos
   A querella is an indispensable condition to initiate the proceedings. Once the querella is filed, the victim’s intervention in the proceedings is no longer necessary, and the process becomes independent of the victim. Although the querellante is not obligated to actively pursue the prosecution, they are not entitled to withdraw the querella; e.g., breach of confidence (divulgación de secretos).

The verb for querella is querellar, and the verb for denuncia is denunciar. The person who files a denuncia is called el/la denunciante. dc

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Servidumbre is a legal concept in Spanish law that refers to an easement or a burden placed on one property (predio siriviente) for the benefit of another property (predio dominante). This means that the owner of the predio sirviente must allow the owner of the predio dominante to perform certain actions on their land, such as accessing a road, installing utility lines, or using water.

Key Terms:
Predio dominante: This is the property that benefits from the servidumbre. For example, if your neighbor’s property has no direct access to a public road, they may have the right to cross your land (predio sirviente) to reach it. In this case, their property is the predio dominante.

Predio sirviente: This is the property that carries the burden of the easement. The owner must allow certain use of their land by the dominant estate. However, the predio sirviente remains fully owned by its owner, and the use by the predio dominante is typically limited to what’s strictly necessary.

Types of Servidumbre:
In our legal systems, there are various types of servidumbre, such as:Servidumbre de paso (right of way): A common type of easement, allowing one property owner to cross another’s land for access.
Servidumbre de luces y vistas (light and view easement): This type prevents a property owner from obstructing their neighbor’s access to natural light or scenic views.
Servidumbre de aguas (water easement): This allows for the flow or use of water from one property to another.
How Servidumbre is Created:
A servidumbre can be established in different ways, including:By agreement: Through a contract between property owners.
By law: Some servidumbres are legally mandated, such as those needed for public utilities.
By necessity: This occurs when one property is completely landlocked and requires access through neighboring land.
How Servidumbre Ends:
A servidumbre can be extinguished through:Mutual agreement between the parties.
Change of circumstances, such as when the dominant property no longer needs access.
Non-use for an extended period, as defined by law.
In summary, servidumbre is a practical and legally recognized way to manage property use between neighboring lands, ensuring that one property can benefit from certain rights over another.

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In legal Spanish, “título” refers to a document or instrument that establishes ownership, rights, or legal status. It can pertain to property (e.g., land titles) or qualifications (e.g., academic degrees). The word also extends into other forms, such as: Titular: This refers to the holder of the title or rights. For example, a “titular” of a property is the recognized owner. Titularidad: This denotes the state or condition of holding a title or rights, emphasizing the legal recognition of ownership or entitlement: La Diputación entrega al Ayuntamiento de Los Barrios un inventario de todos los caminos de titularidad pública . These terms are fundamental in law, reflecting the formal acknowledgment of rights and ownership.

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In legal proceedings, the terms “ofrecer prueba” and “producir prueba” are crucial in the process of presenting and validating evidence.
Ofrecer Prueba: This term refers to the stage in a legal case where a party formally proposes to present certain pieces of evidence to support their claims. It involves identifying and listing the evidence that one intends to use, which could include documents, witness testimonies, expert reports, or physical items. The purpose is to inform the court and the opposing party about the evidence that will be relied upon during the trial. The noun is ofrecimiento de prueba.
Producir Prueba (Evacuar Prueba in Mexico): Once evidence has been offered, it must be produced or presented in court. This involves bringing the evidence before the judge or jury, allowing for its examination and validation. This ensures that the proposed items are available for scrutiny and can be challenged or corroborated by the opposing party. This step is critical in substantiating the claims made in a legal argument. The noun is producción de prueba (evacuación de prueba).
In a nutshell:
• Ofreciemiento de Prueba sets the stage by indicating what evidence will be used.
• Produccción de Prueba brings the evidence into the courtroom, making it a tangible part of the case. dc

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